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el-Sisi has also sent a message that he is ready to resist in other ways. The Nile Museum, which opened in Aswan in 2016 emphasizes Egypt’s ties with its “African brothers.” Inside, a three-story waterfall symbolizes the Nile wending through 10 African countries before arriving in Egypt. el-Sisi insists he wants a peaceful resolution, embarking on a diplomatic offensive to win support from Ethiopia’s neighbors. In October, one Ethiopian negotiator accused Egypt of seeking to turn his country into a “hydrological colony.” The Ethiopians, in turn, say the Egyptians treat them with a highhandedness that stretches back to a failed Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia in the 1870s. The tough talk came to nothing, but soon Egyptians were accusing their rivals of slow-rolling the technical talks while they continued to build. In 2013, a television broadcast showed Egypt’s leaders - including the president at the time, Mohamed Morsi - discussing covert tactics to scupper the dam, including a bomb attack. Simegnew Bekele, the project manager, at the dam site in 2018, shortly before his death. On Judgment Day, warned one such sermon, “God will not look favorably” on water wastrels. On Fridays, clerics deliver government-dictated sermons stressing the virtues of conservation. Officials have imposed restrictions on water-intensive crops like rice and bananas.
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el-Sisi’s Egypt has made modest efforts to prepare. “Life is going to get much harder for farmers on the Nile.” “The dry years will be more severe, in that they will be hotter and more frequent,” said Ethan D. Increasingly volatile weather is another risk.Ī study published last August by researchers at Dartmouth College found that while rainfall is likely to increase in the Upper Nile basin over the coming century, the incidence of hot and dry years could increase by a factor of two or three - even if global warming is limited to 2 degrees Celsius.Įthiopia argues that storing the water upstream will help, because it is less prone to evaporation than in Egypt, which is drier. Rising sea levels threaten to nibble at Egypt’s low-lying coast and help push saltwater inland, spoiling fertile land. “I swear, I swear, we will not hurt Egypt’s water supply,” he told reporters.įishermen working on the Nile River in southern Egypt. Abiy flew to Cairo to offer his reassurances After taking office as prime minister in 2018, Mr. Ethiopia’s young, modernizing leader, Abiy Ahmed, insists that Egyptian fears about its impact are overblown. The Renaissance Dam spans the Blue Nile, the river’s main tributary, which supplies most of Egypt’s water. “We are not going to wait to die of thirst in Egypt,” said Egypt’s president at the time, Anwar Sadat.
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But Ethiopia does not recognize them, and when its former leader, Mengistu Haile Mariam, proposed building a series of dams on the Nile in 1978, he met thinly veiled threats. In 1970, Egypt’s towering post-independence leader, Gamal Abdel Nasser, oversaw the completion of the Aswan High Dam, taming the Nile’s seasonal flows and transforming Egyptian agriculture.Įgypt justified its dominance over the river by citing a colonial-era water treaty and a 1959 agreement with Sudan. The Pharaohs worshiped crocodiles and used the Nile to transport the giant granite blocks for the Great Pyramid of Giza. In an interview last month, Seleshi Bekele, Ethiopia’s water minister, called Egypt’s claims to the Nile “the most absurd thing you ever heard.”įor millenniums, Egyptians were the unchallenged masters of the Nile, drawing on the river to build ancient empires and modern republics. The White House is pushing for an agreement by the end of February, but Egyptian and Ethiopian officials warn it will not be easy. Trump, playing on his self-image as a deal maker, has suggested that his efforts might merit a Nobel Prize. In November, in a last-ditch effort, the talks moved to Washington, where the White House has been mediating. They worry that, if the dam in Ethiopia is filled too quickly, it could drastically curtail their water supply. Ninety-five percent of Egyptians live along the Nile or in its teeming delta, and the river provides nearly all of their water. “The Nile is a question of life, a matter of existence to Egypt,” President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi said at the United Nations last September.įor eight years, officials from Egypt, Ethiopia and Sudan - which lies between the two countries - squabbled fruitlessly over the dam.